A fierce battle and conflict between the Peshmerga forces and the Ba'ath regime army took place from 19 July to 5 September 1988 in the Xwakurk region of the Bradost area, for the control of areas under the control of the revolution at the border triangle of (Iraq, Iran and Turkey), the Iraqi army launched a major attack, during the 45 days of fighting and attacks, the Iraqi armed forces were defeated by the Peshmerga Forces and suffered heavy human and material losses, on 5 September 1988 the leadership of the revolution, for several reasons, ordered that the Peshmerga forces must withdraw from the battlefronts.

Xwakurk

The Xwakurk area is in the Bradost region and consists of 30 villages, it is in the border triangle of (Iraq - Iran - Turkey), its area is about 150 square kilometers and it has many high mountains and peaks. Its area is about 150 square kilometers and it has many high mountains and peaks, it consists of a difficult and remote mountain range, some places of this mountain range are very strategic and famous such as the Shili mountains, Sere Chale, Korawa, Binlis, Brimishka, Cote Bira, Shekiw, Gameshe, Dalanper, Awdel Kiwi, Nazdari Dax, Armosh, Del Mountain in the south, Res Mountain and Kitik Mountain, the area starts from a valley behind the village of Lelkan until the border triangle of the three countries, it is a deep valley surrounded by mountains from all sides. The border of Xwakurk extends from the village of Bene to the border, the village of Xezne in the Xwakurk valley is the last village.

It is worth mentioning that in June 1982 the leadership of the revolution had established its center in the Berkim and Lolan area of the Bradost region, later they took the bases and headquarters of the Peshmerga in Male Mela, Deraw, Guzeresh up to Xinere, this area became an important center for the leadership of the revolution, this was an important point in the life of the revolution and the struggle of the Peshmerga, because it was a big step for bringing the revolutionary leadership closer to the base of the people and had a positive impact on activating the Peshmerga groups in their campaigns against the military and party institutions of the Ba'ath regime.

Reasons for the outbreak of the Epic of Xwakurk:

The political parties of Kurdistan throughout the year 1987 in several joint front activities recorded great epics and important victories, as a result they were able to deal a fatal blow to the Ba'ath regime and capture several cities, towns and regions, this was for the Kurdistan forces a path-opener to establish a federation in July 1987 within a unified front called the Kurdistan Front, furthermore, the Iraqi government in the eight-year war with Iran (1980-1988) suffered many major defeats, especially in the recapture of Faw, Saddam Hussein, the then president of Iraq, was in such a situation that he had lost against Iran, was in danger of being removed from power, so he built strong relations with Eastern and Western countries especially in the field of buying weapons, it is clear that international support for Iraq against Iran, brought the happiness of Saddam Hussein and the Ba'ath regime to the peak especially in the recapture of Faw, this was the reason that the Ba'ath regime to strengthen its position in power with a planned program turned towards Kurdistan to pour its hatred and savagery on the Kurds, thus it began its steps to suppress the Kurds: the beginning of the implementation of his plan was in March 1987 when he appointed his relative Ali Hassan al-Majid, who is known among the Kurds as Ali Chemical, who was at the same time the head of the state intelligence agency and a member of the leadership of the Ba'ath Party, as his representative in the north, absolute authority over all state institutions and the Ba'ath Party was given to him, meaning he had a free hand in restoring the sovereignty of the Ba'ath regime to the whole of South Kurdistan.

The Ba'ath regime, in order to regain all the areas of South Kurdistan that it had lost due to the war with Iran and the Kurdish revolution and to impose military dominance over them, launched a tragic campaign of genocide in eight stages under the name of (Anfal) from February to the end of April 1988, with the support of tanks, artillery, warplanes and chemical weapons of mass destruction, in Germiyan, Halabja, Barzan, Soran, Amedi, Zakho and Duhok, as a result hundreds of thousands of civilians including children, women, youth, the elderly and the disabled were martyred and wounded and were Anfal-ed, later they were buried alive in the deserts of lower and central Iraq, many others fled from the fear of the Ba'ath oppression to Iran and Turkey, it destroyed the economic infrastructure of Kurdistan, destroyed villages, houses, mosques, schools and hospitals.

Because of the fear that the Ba'ath regime had created throughout South Kurdistan in general and the areas under the control of the Peshmerga in particular, the people were looking for a way to escape the oppression of the Ba'ath and seek refuge in neighboring countries, for this purpose a large number of people were migrating to reach the borders, the Iraqi army to reach the borders and block the way for the groups of refugees continued its military operation, the Kurdistan Peshmerga forces also as a national duty to protect the refugees decided to confront the attack of the Ba'ath regime, in the area known as the (Iraq-Iran-Turkey) triangle in Xwakurk.

Another goal of the Ba'ath regime from this military campaign was to close the main road of the first branch in Badinan towards the leadership and other areas, so that it would completely cut off the border of Badinan and leave no way for them to cut their connection with the leadership of the revolution.

Iraqi forces participating:

The army and forces of the Iraqi government in the attack on the Xwakurk area consisted of the following military units and armed forces:

  1. Division (Brigade) 33 of the 5 Corps.
  2. Division 45 of the 1 Corps.
  3. Division 18.
  4. Division 35
  5. Brigade 66 of the special forces
  6. Brigade 68 of the special forces.
  7. Brigade 702 of the Infantry.
  8. Battalion 1 of Commandos of Division 33.
  9. Brigade 402 of the Infantry.
  10. Brigade 120 of the Commandos.
  11. Brigade 2 of the internal forces.
  12. Battalion 3 of Brigade 2 of Commandos and Battalion 1 of the independent Commandos of Division 3.
  13. Mercenary armed forces (Jash) (Light battalions).
  14. five battalions of field artillery and a number of mortars.
  15. Three tank battalions.
  16. A large number of fighter jets and helicopters.
Participating revolutionary forces:

The Peshmerga Forces that participated in the Xwakurk Epic had taken a wide range, under the direct supervision of President Masoud Barzani consisted of the following forces and organizations:

  1. The Aware Force consisted of the organizations of August 16, September 11, May 26, and the Rebaz organization.
  2. The Barzan Force consisted of the Qelender, Piran, Shirin, Zozik, and Birusk organizations.
  3. The Hemrin Force consisted of the Safin, Ezmer, and Sagirme organizations.
  4. The Xebat Force consisted of the Museka and Charchel organizations.
  5. The organizations affiliated with the revolutionary leadership consisted of the Karox, Sordash, Govend, Gorez, and Aras organizations.
  6. The Special Detachment of the Artillery of the Revolution.
  7. The Babagurgur Support Force of Branch 3 of the Kurdistan Democratic Party.
  8. The Zimnako Support Force of Branch 4 of the Kurdistan Democratic Party.
  9. The national defense force.
  10. The forces of branches two, three, and four.
  11. A unit from the Iraqi Communist Party.
  12. The Freedom Committee, which was responsible for Ali Shaban, but worked under the supervision of Nechirvan Barzani their task was to provide food and war supplies, and its headquarters was at the Zewe Camp.

Start of the war and attacks:

On July 17, 1988, the Islamic Republic of Iran accepted the ceasefire with Iraq. Two days later, on July 19, 1988, the army and armed forces of the Ba'ath regime launched a wide-scale attack in the Xwakurk area of the Bradost region on the areas under the control of the revolution, when there were still a few weeks left for the eight-year war between the two countries to end. The Kurdistan Peshmerga Forces, under the direct supervision of President Masoud Barzani decided to protect the land of Kurdistan and the lives of those who had fled the oppression of the Ba'ath regime towards the borders, with the participation of commanders Fazel Mirani, Hamid Efendi, Zaim Ali, Azad Keredakhi, Dr. Roj Nuri Shaways, Dr. Jerjis Hasan, Lieutenant Yunis Rojbeyani, Major Yaqub, Lieutenant Babekir Zebari, Seyd Salih, Qadir Qadir, and Omer Osman, who were distributed alongside the Peshmerga Forces on the battlefronts, established a confrontation front, and with a comprehensive military plan, stood against all the attacks of the Ba'ath regime, which at that time was considered the fifth largest army in the world in terms of power, weapons, and ammunition.

Undoubtedly, the Xwakurk Epic was a continuation of the military operations of the Ba'ath regime in the series of Anfal stages and the chemical bombardment of Halabja and other areas, in a narrow area of the border triangle, when the Iraqi government established a large and countless force of air and ground forces such as Commandos, Special Forces, infantry, and mercenaries (Jash) with the support of fighter jets, artillery, and weapons of mass destruction. Of course, the Kurdistan revolution and the Kurdish people strongly rejected this military operation; in response, the Peshmerga forces and national defense forces went to the battlefronts with their personal weapons, and women and children collected food and clothing.

Initially, the war started behind Lolan in Xinere, after the Iraqi army landed a military force by helicopter on Shekiw Mountain on July 21, 1988 to capture the strategic locations of the region. However, the next day, July 22, the Peshmerga of the Hemrin force attacked that Iraqi army force. After a fierce battle, they were able to defeat the entire force in a short time and caused them great losses in dead and wounded, and 3 soldiers were also taken prisoner. After the war ended, the revolution's losses were only one wounded Peshmerga. On July 24, the movement of the Iraqi army on Shekiw Mountain and Sersol continued and increased; it was clear that they were preparing for a major attack.

At 10.30 in the morning on July 27, 1988, the Iraqi army carried out a major attack under the name (Tewkeltu Ela Allah) against the Peshmerga positions, from Sersol to Siyare, which is on the heights of Shekhanok, without anyone knowing, and advanced. In that lack of awareness, some vehicles fell into ambushes; as a result, a citizen and his 12-year-old son were captured and taken away. When the Peshmerga found out, they attacked them for revenge and broke them and broke their attack. They suffered heavy blows, and as a result, 24 soldiers were taken prisoner, four of whom were officers. In the battle, 3 Peshmerga were martyred, 2 of whom were Peshmerga of the Museka organization and the other was a Peshmerga of the first branch. The Iraqi army forces participating in the attack were the 3th Battalion of the 2rd Commando Brigade and the 1th Independent Commando Battalion of the 3th Division. According to information and reports from the Peshmerga Forces regarding the human casualties of the Iraqi army forces in the battle, more than 100 Commando force soldiers were killed.

Iraq and Iran had also been in a ceasefire for a few days, but according to an indication in the book Barzani and the Kurdish Liberation Movement, on July 26, 1988, Seyid Baqir Tabatabai, commander of the Iranian Nasr Ramazan headquarters, along with a group of Pasdaran and Hezbollah gunmen, visited the Resh Valley in the area so that their base could cross into Iranian territory. They did not know that their path had been blocked by the Iraqi army. When they were going, they fell into an ambush by Iraqi forces and all were captured and shot there. When the Peshmerga forces attacked the Iraqi forces the next day on the 27th of the month and drove them out of the area, they brought their bodies back and handed them over to the headquarters, but there is no sign of Iran's position regarding that violation by the Iraqi army. On the contrary, two days later, on July 29, Iraqi forces tried to advance again and attacked the same place. The Peshmerga Forces under the command of Zaim Ali confronted them very fiercely. After a fierce battle, they defeated them again. In addition to the dead and wounded, three soldiers, one of whom was an officer of the Commando forces, were taken prisoner.

After the Iraqi army was defeated by the Peshmerga in these attacks, it changed its war plan and used chemical weapons on the Nazdari Dakh heights in Xwakurk and the Peshmerga Forces' bases in Gadere and other places via a (Pilatus PC-7) aircraft on the morning of August 3, 1988. As a result, 60 Peshmerga were wounded, and some of them were blinded by the gas. The chemical bombardment of the Ba'ath regime not only caused damage to the Peshmerga Forces, but many animals in the villages of Northern Kurdistan also perished.

To organize and strengthen the Aware force, on August 1, 1988, the Revolution leadership decided to appoint Colonel Yaqub as the commander of the force, because government forces were gradually increasing their pressure on Peshmerga positions, especially on the Barzani force front. Government attacks continued until the 7rd of the month, and the Peshmerga reinforced and defended the defensive positions. On the Shakiwe Mountain front, in one attack, 3 Commando soldiers were taken prisoner. On the Geliye Res front, the Iraqi army made some advances until it reached the Red Sea. As a result, the Iranian Pasdaran and the Hezbollah group that were in Xwakurk blew up their weapons and military supplies and fled. In this way, the entire burden of the war fell on the shoulders of the Peshmerga of the Kurdistan Democratic Party and the Iraqi Communist Party. Other parties of the Kurdistan Front stayed away from the war, did not participate in the fighting, and left the area.

On August 8, 1988, the Iraqi army launched a major attack against the Musluk front and the Shexanoke front. After a fierce battle, it made some advances and reached Paraway; it was only one stage away from reaching Shexanoke, but it was stopped there. Otherwise, it would have completely dominated Shexanoke and Sipare. This created a serious threat to the families who remained in their places, because they had not yet crossed the Iranian border. On the evening of August 10, the Iraqi army attacked the eastern front of Milezerd, but the Peshmerga Forces of the Rebaz Organization responded strongly and broke the attack. The commander of the 3th Battalion of the 68th Brigade of the Special Forces fell into the hands of the Peshmerga forces wounded, but later died due to the severity of his wounds. In that battle, the Peshmerga suffered no casualties. On the evening of the same day, August 10, 1988, a commando force consisting of nearly 150 soldiers landed with 10 helicopters in the area called Dole Tirşene. However, the Peshmerga forces that had been assigned to protect the front resisted and followed them until they were destroyed. That entire force was annihilated, and those who were killed were killed, and the others were taken prisoner by the Peshmerga. This was a major blow to the Iraqi army forces, especially in terms of morale, but it had a great effect on the courage and resistance of the Peshmerga Forces.

The Peshmerga Forces were victorious and defeated all the attacks of the Iraqi army and caused them great losses, but the revolution leadership continued to reorganize and restructure the battlefields. Colonel Yaqub was appointed as the commander of the battle front, and Arif Derwesh and Hamid Ergoshi were appointed as his deputies. While the war and attacks continued, the Karox Organization and the September 11 Organization under the command of Ahmed Malesiware were on the Hishka and Sere Korawa fronts. In a battle, they confronted an attack by mercenary armed forces (Jash) and pushed them back in some places. One of their Peshmerga was martyred and 3 Peshmerga were wounded. The war continued on all fronts. The Peshmerga Forces had taken positions in front of them. On the evening of August 11, 1988, despite the heavy shelling of the Peshmerga positions, the mercenary militia force attacked again, but the Peshmerga continued to defend. They were again able to defeat them and left the corpse of a Jash on the battlefield.

On the same day, a Peshmerga force of 15 Peshmerga from the Goreze Organization reached the battlefield. The following day, August 12, a national defense force of nearly 80 people arrived at the battle fronts to support the Peshmerga Forces and protect the land of the country.

On August 13, 1988, fierce battles took place on the Korawa and Qebri Zahir fronts from 04.00 o'clock in the morning until the evening. In many places, hand-to-hand combat was taking place. Although the number of dead and wounded soldiers was not known, the attacks were repelled. On August 14, government forces attacked the Kaniyeresh, Xerwan, and Siro fronts on the Barzani force front but were defeated. On the Xwakurk front, the government force again tried to advance, but the Peshmerga defeated them.

On August 14, the Peshmerga forces of the third and fourth branches, under the supervision of Seyid Salih and Qadir Qadir, arrived at the battlefield to support the Peshmerga forces. The following day, the 15th of the month, another force from the Halabja District Committee reached Xwakurk and the battle fronts. This gave high morale to the Peshmerga forces and provided great support to the battle fronts.

Throughout the month of August, Iraqi forces continued to attack Peshmerga positions without stopping in order to put a lot of pressure on them and empty the area, but the Peshmerga forces on all fronts did not allow them to do so during the defense and confrontation until they retreated. On the evening of August 15, 1988, at 2:30, the artillery of the Iraqi army heavily shelled all Peshmerga positions. The increase in shelling was so intense that it was expected that there would be casualties. After an hour and a half, at 16.00 o'clock, the shelling stopped and the Iraqi forces, consisting of the army and mercenaries, began a ground attack. But the Peshmerga forces came at them from all sides and resisted until they defeated the attack. President Masoud Barzani, who was directly supervising the war, said: “I spoke to all organizations via radio, and the most important thing was that the courage of the Peshmerga was very high. They did not pay attention to the enemy's attack. In terms of casualties, only a few Peshmerga were wounded. In return, the Iraqi forces left 46 corpses on the battlefield.”

In August 16 1988, the war became gradually heavier and the defense of the Peshmerga Forces continued. On the 19rd of the month, due to the intensity of the war, a group of Peshmerga in the third and fourth branches and the national defense forces were martyred. The bombardment and shelling were so intense that 10-15 shells were falling on the ground at once, for that reason the area had become a piece of fire. On August 20, a heavy battle broke out between the two forces and the Peshmerga Forces dealt a major blow to the Iraqi forces. The 702th Brigade of the 45th Division of the 1th Corps was destroyed in such a way that as a result, several officers were killed, among them the Battalion commander and the Unit leader. In the following days, due to the successive defeats of the government forces, the attacks had lost their intensity and two helicopters were shot down. All this strengthened the morale of the Peshmerga, but conversely lowered the morale of the Iraqi forces. On the night of the 24-25 of August 1988, the Iraqi army gathered the remaining forces and attacked the Korawa Front. As always, the Peshmerga confronted them; after a heavy battle, their attack was broken and they were turned back.

The top of Korawa is the highest peak of the Xwakurk region, therefore it was considered a strategic military location. For this reason, the Iraqi army pressured it to capture it and establish authority around it. Also, there was another height at the final point of the Iraq border, called Mount Reqib in the west of Xwakurk. Due to the expansion of the war zone, no Peshmerga forces had been deployed there. The Iraqi army tried to reach that height from behind, that is, inside Turkish territory, and block the back of the Peshmerga forces. But when the Peshmerga learned of this, they formed a force from the Peshmerga of the Barzani force and stopped them. They resisted at the foot of Mount Reqib and did not allow them to advance until the war ended and the order for withdrawal was given.

The war was getting tougher. On the 27th of August, due to the heavy attacks of the Iraqi forces, 2 Peshmerga were martyred at Qebri Zahir. On the night of the 28th of August, as a result of the shelling on the headquarters of the Charchal organization, 5 Peshmerga were martyred. That same night, a force of the 66th Special Brigade (Special Forces) attacked the Peshmerga positions at the Korawa front. After a heavy battle and strong defense by the Peshmerga, this time too they were defeated and retreated after suffering heavy blows, especially to the 2th battalion of the aforementioned brigade. In that battle, 2 Peshmerga were martyred and the Peshmerga commander Enwer Haci Osman was also wounded. Still on the Korawa front, the government attacked again on the 30th of the month and a hot battle broke out, which continued from 5 in the morning until 4 in the evening, and they were met with strong resistance by the Peshmerga forces of the fourth branch and were defeated. One Peshmerga was martyred and 5 Peshmerga were wounded. On the 4th of September 1988, the Zimnako force of the fourth branch attacked the bases and positions of the army and government in the Chemkebi area, imposing a hot battle that lasted forty-eight hours. They were able to deal a heavy blow to the Iraqi forces and cause them great losses; in return, 2 Peshmerga were martyred.

After the government forces used all their strength and capabilities from all fronts and attacked the Peshmerga positions, they had no gains other than defeat and heavy human and material losses, only advancing in some places. But the shelling and air attacks were getting tougher and as a result, several Peshmerga were martyred and wounded. Despite the shortage of ammunition on the battle fronts, which became a major problem for the Peshmerga Forces, also in September, the cold season begins in the border regions, which is said to freeze the Peshmerga's water bottles. This became an obstacle and another reason for the burden on the Peshmerga forces against the countless armed forces and all the war capabilities of the Ba'ath. Therefore, after discussing the situation on the 5th of September 1988, the revolution leadership decided that the Peshmerga forces should withdraw from the battle fronts. Following the leadership's decision, the Peshmerga began to withdraw from all defensive battle fronts and for a period of 6 months, all forces withdrew.

The losses of the Iraqi army and forces in the Xwakurk Epic:

In this epic, the Iraqi army suffered heavy moral and material blows and nearly 1000 soldiers and mercenaries were killed and wounded, and the identities of 350 people fell into the hands of the Peshmerga. Among the dead were many officers, but another source also said that 8 thousand and 450 soldiers and mercenaries affiliated with the regime's forces died, including more than 1000 military officers. Also, a large number of Iraqi soldiers and officers were taken prisoner, but they were released by the Peshmerga forces by order of the revolution leadership. Four combat helicopters were shot down and many weapons, ammunition, and military equipment were lost.

Regarding the release of the prisoners, according to a source, after the end of the war and the withdrawal of the Peshmerga Forces from the battle fronts, President Barzani in a speech thanked the resistance and courage of the Peshmerga. At the same time, he called all 32 prisoners who had been captured by the Peshmerga forces and told them that from now on you are free if you want to return to your military units. Of them, 30 people returned to the Iraqi army and 2 were affiliated with the Iraqi Dawa Party and did not return and wanted to leave. A group of Peshmerga, by the president's order, monitored and guided them until they joined the government forces again in the area called Xane Spi. From there, the Peshmerga monitored the prisoners from afar until they reached the Iraqi military center. When they arrived, they immediately captured and shot all 30 soldiers.

In an indication, it is said that in one of the battles, an officer of the Iraqi army with the rank of first lieutenant fell into the hands of the Peshmerga forces wounded and was taken prisoner. They took him behind the battle field for treatment. On the way, he asks the Peshmerga what are you going to do with me? In response, they say that to treat your wounds, they will take you to a doctor, but the officer does not agree and tells them no, killing me is better than treating my wounds. Kill every one of the army soldiers that you take prisoner, because you are satisfied with these mountains and that life, we will not leave you alone and we sell you war. Now you are even treating our wounds, but after a while, due to the severity of his wounds, he lost his life.

The majority of the casualties were from these battalions and brigades which we can say were completely destroyed:

The military units that suffered the most damage are:

1- Division 33.

2- Division 45.

3- Division 35.

4- Division 18.

5- Brigade 68 of the special forces.

6- Brigade 66 of the special forces.

7- Battalion 1. Independent Commando.

8. Infantry Brigade 702.

9. Infantry Brigade 402.

10- Brigade 120 of Commandos.

11- Brigade 2 of Commandos.

 

Casualties of the revolutionary forces:

In this epic which began on 19 July 1988 and lasted until 5 September 1988 for 45 days, the casualties of the revolutionary forces were 38 Peshmerga martyred and 104 wounded.

Achievements of the Revolution:

In this epic, a large number of weapons, wireless equipment, and military gear were seized by the Peshmerga forces and became achievements of the revolution, such as:

• Over 600 pieces of various light and heavy weapons.

• 18 wireless devices.

• Many military supplies and ammunition.

Outcome of the battle:

• The battle had great political, military, and strategic importance; militarily, the Peshmerga achieved great victories in the 45-day battle, defeated most of the armed forces' attacks, and seized a large number of weapons and ammunition, as well as inflicting heavy human and material losses on the Iraqi army. Politically, it buried the dream of the Iraqi capital, Baghdad, which believed that with the end of the war with Iran, the protection of the Kurdish revolution would end and it would be destroyed, but the Xwakurk epic destroyed all those beliefs.

• The persistence and resistance of the Peshmerga against dozens of attacks by the Iraqi army and forces supported by shelling, tank bombardment, artillery, and fighter jets, and the use of internationally banned chemical weapons for 45 days, created a historical epic.

• The Xwakurk epic confirmed that the end of the (Iraq-Iran) war would not affect the defeat of the Kurdish revolution; instead, the Peshmerga Forces would continue to record epics and Peshmerga activities.

• After the end of the Xwakurk epic, President Masoud Barzani delivered a historic speech to the Peshmerga forces in which he said: change will take place in Iraq in the near future, and he called on the Peshmerga Forces to prepare themselves for the changes in the region. That was in August 1990, Iraq attacked Kuwait and occupied it within 24 hours, then the situation led to the imposition of United Nations Resolution 687 and the outbreak of the Gulf War, then in the spring of 1991 the uprising of South Kurdistan began and the Ba'ath institutions, army, and armed forces were expelled.

• The echo of the Xwakurk battle in the international media regarding the Iraqi army's attack to suppress the Kurds, especially after the eight-year war with Iran, where they took the most difficult steps in using chemical weapons and poisonous gases towards Kurdistan, as well as the struggle of the Kurdish revolution against the behavior of the Ba'ath regime, such as London Radio, Associated Press, the Tehran-based newspaper Risalat, and Voice of America Radio.

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